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💊 Pharmacopeia
💊 Pharmacopeia
🔋 Cellular Physiology
Cell structure
Outline basic cell structure
Outline cell membrane structure and function
Mitochondria
Outline the structure of mitochondria
Outline the functions of mitochondria
Transport across cell membranes
Outline the passive transport mechanisms in the body
Outline the active transport mechanisms in the body
Fick's Laws of Diffusion
Gibbs-Donnan effect
What is it?
The Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium
Why does it matter?
Receptors and secondary messenger systems
Outline the mechanisms by which chemical messengers can interact with a cell
What are secondary messenger systems?
What are the methods of cell-cell signalling?
Resting membrane potential
Determinants of the resting membrane potential
Composition and control of intracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid composition
Describe how controlling intracellular fluid composition can maintain homeostasis and integrity
🧪 Acid-Base
Blood gas interpretation
Normal values
Compensation
Anion gap
Delta ratio
Buffers
What is a buffer?
Buffer systems
Renal acid-base handling
Acid-base handling along the nephron
Describe the renal buffer systems
Stewart's approach to acid-base
Understanding Stewart's approach
The exam answer
🧠 Nervous System
Cranial nerve reflexes
Outline the neural pathways for the pupillary light, corneal, oculomotor and gag reflexes
Specific neurotransmitters and receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Dopamine receptors
Adenosine receptors
Acetylcholine receptors
References
Blood brain barrier
Define the blood brain barrier
Outline the structure of the blood brain barrier
Describe the functions of the blood brain barrier
What characteristics does a drug need to effectively penetrate the blood brain barrier?
Cerebral blood flow
List the normal parameters for cerebral blood flow
Describe the physiological factors that influence cerebral blood flow
Outline the effects of propofol and ketamine on cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic requirement for oxygen (CMRO₂), and cerebral venous oxygen saturation
Summary
Sensory pathways
Outline the major somatosensory pathways of the body
Pain physiology
Define pain
Describe how pain is detected and modulated in response to a peripheral noxious stimulus
Pain reflexes
Outline the motor and sensory pathways involved in withdrawing the lower limb from a painful stimulus
⚡️ Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic nervous system
Define the parasympathetic nervous system
Outline the anatomy of the vagus nerve
Outline the non-vagal components of the parasympathetic nervous system
Outline the nerve fibre types and synaptic physiology
References
Sympathetic nervous system
Define the sympathetic nervous system
Outline the origin of the sympathetic nervous system
Describe the course and fibre types
Outline the receptors and neurotransmitters
References
Catecholamines: production, release and fate
Production
Release
Fate
Structure activity relationships
What is a catecholamine?
Structure activity relationships
🏭 Liver Physiology
Anatomy
Describe the functional anatomy of the liver.
Hepatic circulation
Outline the anatomy and physiology of liver blood flow
Explain the changes to drug metabolism when liver blood flow decreases
Functions of the liver
Outline the functions of the liver
Physiology of bile
Describe the composition, formation and functions of bile
Hepatic clearance
Define clearance and hepatic extraction ratio
Describe the role of the liver in drug clearance with examples
Albumin
Albumin synthesis
Role of Albumin
Laboratory assessment
Outline how the measurement of the following can be used in the assessment of liver function: albumin, prothrombin time, glucose, ammonia.
💩 Gastrointestinal System
Gastrointestinal blood supply
Outline the anatomy of the blood supply (arteries and veins) of the gastrointestinal system
Gastric secretions
Describe the formation of gastric acid and the regulation of gastric acid secretion
Describe the functions of the gastric secretions
Gastrointestinal motility
Describe gastric emptying
Describe the physiological factors that influence gastric emptying
Explain the physiological factors that prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux
Pancreatic secretions
Describe pancreatic secretions and their regulation
Vomiting
Describe the neural integration of vomiting, highlighting the site and mechanism of action of antiemetics
🥬 Nutrition & Metabolism
Basal metabolic rate
Define basal metabolic rate and list the factors that affect it
Describe the ways it may be measured
Nutrition requirements
Outline the daily nutritional requirements, including electrolytes, for a normal 70 kg adult
Enteral and parenteral nutrition
Outline the dose, composition and side effects of enteral and parenteral feeds
Protein metabolism
Outline protein metabolism, including the effects of starvation
Ketones
Describe ketone bodies including their synthesis and metabolism
References
🔥 Thermoregulation
Heat and temperature
Define heat and temperature
Describe the mechanisms of heat loss
Temperature regulation
Describe how body temperature is regulated
Define the interthreshold range of body temperature and the thermoneutral zone and provide the normal values
Explain how the body detects and defends against cold (or heat) exposure
Describe how thermoregulation is altered in a critically ill patient
Hypothermia and hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Adverse effects of hyperthermia
Temperature measurement
Describe the methods of temperature measurement
⭐️ Immunology
Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
Classify hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylaxis
Innate immunity
Define innate immunity
Outline the components of innate immunity
Complement
Explain the role of complement
Explain the activation of complement
Acquired immunity
Compare the characteristics of B and T lymphocytes
Define acquired immunity
Describe the acquired immune response
Describe how immunisation protects against infection
Describe the structure of an antibody
Inflammation
Define inflammation
Describe the process of inflammation
🦠 Microbiology
Bacterial classification
Outline the process of Gram staining
Classify bacteria with examples
Bacterial resistance
Outline the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance
How is bacterial resistance is spread?
Viruses
Definitions
Classify viruses with examples
Antiseptics and disinfectants
Define the terms antiseptic and disinfectant
Describe the pharmacology of commonly used antiseptics
🎯 Anatomy
Femoral vein and artery
Femoral triangle
Surface anatomy
Origin and course of the femoral vein
Origin and course of the femoral artery
Internal jugular vein
Origin and course
Surface anatomy
Relations
Anatomical variation
Subclavian vein
Origin and course
Relations
Surface anatomy
